NDB errors:

Interference from other NDB’s

• Static, especially near thunderstorms

• Night effect Coastal refraction

• Mountain effect

• Aircraft quadrantal error

Non Directional Beacon, a medium range radio navigation aid that sends out a signal in all directions for an aircraft to home to.

Basic Empty Mass (BEM) is the mass of the aircraft with the basic equipment, unconsumable fluids and unusable fuel and oil.

To notify the crew of the aircraft of a particular position on the IAP.

Locators have been largely replaced with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), but they can sometimes be found associated with Outer or Middle Markers where they are referred to as Locator Outer Marker (LOM) or Locator Middle Marker (LMM).

Induced drag and its wing tip vortices are a direct consequence of the creation of lift by the wing.

Since the Coefficient of Lift is large when the Angle of Attack is large, induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed whereas all other drag is directly proportional to the square of the speed.

The effect of this is that induced drag is relatively unimportant at high speed in the cruise and descent where it probably represents less than 10% of total drag. In the climb, it is more important representing at least 20% of total drag. At slow speeds just after take off and in the initial climb, it is of maximum importance and may produce as much as 70% of total drag.

Finally, when looking at the potential strength of wing tip vortices, all this theory on induced drag must be moderated by the effect of aircraft weight. Induced drag will always increase with aircraft weight.

To varify the nose gear position (up or down).

Taxi, trip, contingency, reserve and extra fuel.

TAS will increase.

A stall strip, usually located close to the wing root, causes the airflow to separate at a lower angle of attack and ensures that the wing root stalls before the wing tips.

Low pressure weather, unstable weather.