Mostly in the fan, but also from the exhaust nozzle duct.

Drag penalties (additional weight)

Less controllability

An anti-servo tab works in the opposite way to a servo tab.

It deploys in the same direction as the control surface, making the movement of the control surface more difficult and requires more force applied to the controls by the pilot.

In a high bypass design, the vast majority of the thrust is derived from the ducted fan, rather than from combustion gases expanding in a nozzle.

A high bypass ratio provides a lower thrust specific fuel consumption (grams/sec fuel per unit of thrust in kN using SI units), especially at zero velocity (at takeoff) and at the cruise speed of most commercial jet aircraft.

Minimum Safe Altitude.

Vref = 1.3 x Vs0 (stall speed in the landing configuration).

IRS / GPS / VOR / DME

Dutch roll is an aircraft stability issue involving oscillations of rolling and yawing motions. It occurs when the aircraft's nose deviates from its path, causing rolling in the opposite direction due to the vertical fin's side force. This generates a yawing moment, resulting in a cycle of yawing and rolling motions. Dutch roll can be problematic for passenger comfort and pilot control. Measures like tail fin design, yaw dampers, and control inputs are used to counteract it and maintain stability.

Their formation is most often triggered by freezing water vapour from the exhaust of aircraft engines.

Wingtip vortices are tubes of circulating air that are left behind a wing as it generates lift.

They are caused by the difference in pressure above and below the wing causing the air to 'escape' from the high pressure area below the wing to the low pressure area above the wing, by rolling around the tip of the wing. This creates a vortex that trails behind the wing.